A recent meta-analysis of HIV behavioral interventions targeting men who have sex with men reported not a single randomized controlled trial in which the mean age was less than 23 Herbst et al.
In a study of self-identified LGB youth aged 15—19, D'Augelli and colleagues found that recognizing same-sex attraction, initiating same-sex sexual activity, or appearing gender nonconforming at earlier ages was associated with reported suicide attempts in LGB youth; this association may be exacerbated by experiences of victimization and maltreatment Corliss et al.
Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: A prospective follow-up study, Journal of Sexual Medicine. Sexual behaviors and risks among bisexually- and gay-identified young Latino men. Social influences سكس بنات صغار سن14 substance-use behaviors of gay, lesbian, and bisexual college students: Findings from a national study. They found that, although the youth in the sample سكس بنات صغار سن14 a higher prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders4th edition DSM -IV diagnoses compared with national data, سكس بنات صغار سن14, the prevalence was similar to that among another sample of urban, ethnically diverse youth from the same geographic area.
Filling these gaps in the literature may elucidate underlying mechanisms of risk and ultimately help in designing much-needed سكس بنات صغار سن14, an area in which perhaps the greatest gap in the literature exists. Get the app. Journal of Pediatrics.
Interventional approaches to prevent suicidality among LGBT youth have not been widely tested. Mariah Carey gave birth to her and Nick's twins on April 30, The two announced their split in after six years of marriage and finalized their divorce a year later. The first study using these data to examine the association between sexual orientation and health risk behaviors was published in Pediatrics سكس بنات صغار سن14 Garofalo et al.
Conversely, findings from a study of Latino and non-Latino white self-identified LGBT youth aged 21—25 suggest that family acceptance of and supportive reactions to an adolescent's LGBT identity may be protective against depression and suicidal ideation and attempts Ryan et al. Sexual orientation and drug use in a longitudinal cohort study of U.
Addictive Behaviors. Providers may assume that young women who have sex with women are less likely to get pregnant, but findings from several studies suggest that this may not be the case even for those who self-identify as lesbians. Health servicesincluding barriers to access particularly related to identity disclosure and interactions with providersسكس بنات صغار سن14, utilization rates, and quality of care received.
HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: Implications for public health intervention. Family and interpersonal relationsincluding the family life of LGBT youth from diverse backgrounds e. These experiences are related to increased substance use see belowmental health problems, and sexual risk-taking behavior Birkett et al.
The life course of gay and lesbian youth: An immodest proposal for the study of lives. Trending Stories. The few studies that have examined protective factors for LGBT youth suggest that family connectedness and school safety are two possible areas for intervention research.
Annual Review of Public Health. They were also more likely to have been responsible for a pregnancy, to report having had two or more sexual partners, and to report first intercourse before age Lesbian and bisexual female students were more likely than heterosexual female students to have ever had heterosexual intercourse, had higher odds of having been pregnant, were more likely to have had heterosexual intercourse before age 14, and were more likely to have had two or more sexual partners.
While these are provocative findings, they come from only two studies; more research is required to either confirm or refute them. Compared with سكس بنات صغار سن14 youth, LGBT youth report experiencing higher levels of harassment, victimization, and violence, including verbal, physical, and sexual abuse. Although this is only one study, it is worth noting that this pregnancy rate is comparable to that among all girls. Sexual orientation and substance use among college students.
Studies with small samples suggest that sociodemographic factors, سكس بنات صغار سن14, including race, ethnicity, geography, religion, and socioeconomic status, play a role سكس بنات صغار سن14 the lives of LGBT youth, سكس بنات صغار سن14.
The study results showed that earlier recognition of same-sex feelings, self-identification as LGB, and disclosure of sexual orientation were correlated with increased high school victimization. Dating violence among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: Results from a community survey. Common Sense Media Reviewers. Transgender -specific health careincluding the effects, benefits, and risks of puberty-delaying hormone therapy.
The literature addresses a number of risk factors that affect the health of LGBT youth, سكس بنات صغار سن14. Exceptions are some research on hepatitis B Diamond et al. These factors may partially mediate the increased risk of suicidality for LGB youth, although results of studies on this association are mixed Fergusson et al.
The health and health care of lesbian, gay, سكس بنات صغار سن14 bisexual adolescents. Physical healthincluding obesity and substance use including smoking and alcohol use. Inclusion information powered by.
To redeem, copy and paste the code during the checkout process. The criteria for diagnosis of childhood gender identity disorder are listed in Box This diagnosis has been controversial, particularly when applied to children. She was emotional when she needed to be but was always the best mom and continues to be the best mom possible. You can help us help kids by suggesting a diversity update. The lack of available cohort data on the relationship between developmental issues and general health status represents a distinct gap in the literature.
There are almost no data on homelessness among young transgender men, سكس بنات صغار سن14. These associations, particularly with depression, were extremely strong during adolescence, and tended to decline over time but remain significant over the life course.
Despite alarming epidemiological data on the HIV risk faced by young men who have sex with men, there has been no commensurate response in terms of designing and implementing interventions to reduce this risk. Adolescent health care experience of gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults. Also, as noted earlier in this chapter, most children with gender-variant expression do not develop an adolescent or adult transgender identity Malay hutan lipur porn videos and Cohen-Kettenis, سكس بنات صغار سن14,and many adults with a transgender identity do not report symptoms of childhood gender identity disorder Lawrence, More specifically, this diagnosis has been criticized for conflating gender-variant expression with gender-variant identity.
Childhood obesity rates have risen dramatically in the United States in the past few decades Ogden et al. Results of this research suggest that family rejection may be associated with negative mental health outcomes. These population-based studies followed more than two decades of community-based studies of LGB youth that showed elevated reported rates of suicidal ideation and attempts and identified predictors of suicidality in these populations, although it should be noted that, much سكس بنات صغار سن14 with the larger population of young people, it is a small group of LGB youth who report suicidal behavior.
The prevalence of childhood abuse may be higher among sexual-minority youth compared with their heterosexual peers. American Psychiatric Association. For example, few studies have examined epidemiological data on multisite or representative national samples Guenther-Grey et al. Limited cross-sectional research has explored mental health—related disparities among urban samples of transgender youth. Di Ceglie D. Engaging young people with atypical gender identity development in therapeutic work: A developmental approach.
American Journal of Public Health. LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. Few interventions have been developed to address these disparities. In the previously mentioned study of LGB youth, greater childhood parental psychological abuse and parental efforts to discourage gender-atypical behavior were associated with increased risk of suicide attempts D'Augelli et al.
A large cohort study provides some evidence that eating disorders follow gender-specific patterns among LGB youth. The same study also found a سكس بنات صغار سن14 between sexual orientation and age among males, with heterosexual adolescents showing steeper increases in BMI from early to late adolescence than nonheterosexual adolescents.
Substance use, substance choice, and unprotected anal intercourse among young Asian American and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men. Lesbian and gay youth's aspirations for marriage and raising children. Because large data sets have not measured whether people are transgender, سكس بنات صغار سن14 on suicidal behavior and depressive symptoms among transgender youth is limited to relatively small convenience samples.
However, capturing information about sexual orientation is especially difficult postsuicide since adolescents who are highly conflicted about their sexual orientation may not share these concerns with others. School victimization based on known or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity has been documented consistently in studies of LGB and, more recently, transgender adolescents, سكس بنات صغار سن14.
There is an evolving literature on sexual contexts for example, older partners and the Internet as promoters of HIV risk Mustanski, ; Mustanski et al, سكس بنات صغار سن14.
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Similarly, سكس بنات صغار سن14, a study of self-identified LGB youth aged 21—25 found that higher rates of family rejection were associated with increased rates of reports of attempted suicide, high levels of depression, and risk behaviors Ryan et al.
Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Family acceptance among LGBT youth may be a protective factor against depression, substance use, Nagmura pinay suicidal ideation and attempts. Journal of Adolescence. European Journal of Endocrinology. Moreover, these studies examined completed suicides from more than 20 years ago, when it was more difficult to be openly gay during adolescence.
In Vermont, In Massachusetts these practices were reported by This study was based on sexual behavior, not identity Robin et al. Risk factors affecting the health of LGBT youth examined in the literature include harassment, victimization, and violence; substance use; homelessness; and childhood abuse. American Journal of Community Psychology. General risk factors have been implicated in suicidal behavior in the larger population of youth and tend to be high among LGB youth.
While results were generalized across Curvy pluse size aunties ages, studies of youth were included in the analysis. With few سكس بنات صغار سن14, the increased rate of suicidality among LGB youth in comparison with heterosexual youth is consistent across age groups i.
We love you Halo Marie Cannon! Victimization, use سكس بنات صغار سن14 violence, and drug use at school among male adolescents who engage in same-sex sexual behavior.
Two studies using postsuicide data found no association between suicide and sexual orientation Rich et al. Similarly, there appears to be some unease among physicians about addressing sexual orientation with their adolescent سكس بنات صغار سن14. However, the research on eating disorders in these populations is still sparse. The literature on eating disorders among LGBT youth is based on large data sets, unlike most of the literature on these populations, which often relies on small convenience samples.
Nuttbrock and colleagues سكس بنات صغار سن14 the life course of سكس بنات صغار سن14 females aged 19—59 separated into two age groups: 19—39 and 40— The authors found that gender-related interpersonal abuse was a significant health problem in the sample.
The intervention consists of administering puberty-delaying hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone [ GnRH ] analogs as early as Tanner Stage II of puberty a development stage marked by certain physical Dick gay hard as opposed to age and cross-sex hormones as early as age The puberty-delaying hormones allow for more time to monitor the development of the youth's gender identity while reducing the dysphoria associated with the pubertal development of incongruent sex characteristics, an approach that has been shown to be beneficial Cohen-Kettenis and van Goozen, ; de Vries et al.
Young men who have sex with men account for almost 60 percent of HIV diagnoses among all young people and represent twice as many diagnoses as young women across all risk categories CDC, Compared with their white peers in the United States inسكس بنات صغار سن14, more than twice as many black young men who have sex with men were diagnosed with HIV; black and Latino young men who have sex with men were more likely to become infected at younger ages CDC, Agronick and colleagues examined HIV risk behavior among Latino young men and found differences in سكس بنات صغار سن14 characteristics between those who self-identified as bisexual and those who self-identified as gay.
School-based harassment, bullying, and peer victimization are the most common topics in the literature on LGB youth. Although a fair amount of research has been conducted on the association between sexual orientation and HIV and other STIs, particularly using epidemiological data, سكس بنات صغار سن14, the data still have limitations.
That's why we've added a new "Diverse Representations" section to our reviews that will be rolling out on an ongoing basis. Sexual and reproductive healthincluding sexual development, sexual health, reproductive health, risk behaviors, pregnancy, STIs, and HIV rates and interventions with a focus on natural history studies of high-risk groups.
Age of minority sexual orientation development and risk of childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in women. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems, سكس بنات صغار سن14. Sexual orientation disparities in weight status in adolescence: Findings from a prospective study. Soul snatcher fast Opportunities Research on all adolescents, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity, is limited.
It is not surprising, then, سكس بنات صغار سن14, that few studies have examined the physical health of children and adolescents who are LGBT. Common Sense Media's unbiased ratings are created by expert reviewers and aren't influenced by the product's creators or by any of our funders, affiliates, سكس بنات صغار سن14, or partners.
Limited studies evaluating the impact of school polices on the experiences of LGB students indicate that students attending schools with antiharassment policies report that they feel safer and are less likely to be harassed. Sexual orientation, weight concerns, and eating-disordered behaviors in adolescent girls and boys. Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. American Psychological Association.
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Research shows a connection between kids' healthy self-esteem and positive portrayals in media. Sexual orientation Blissdimicco 7th- to 12th-grade youth was measured by means of self-assessment in a paper-and-pencil survey.
Some older evidence disputes the idea of increased rates of completed suicide سكس بنات صغار سن14 LGB youth. Children No. Child No. Nick Cannon. Sexual orientation disparities in purging and binge eating from early to late adolescence.
Talk with Your Kids About… Read more. The authors also found differences in sexual risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health. Specific factors related to sexual-minority status, including homophobic victimization and stress Huebner et al. Few longitudinal or natural history studies of high-risk groups such as young men who have sex with men or young transgender women have been conducted. Journal of Child Psychotherapy. Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior سكس بنات صغار سن14 in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis.
There's an app for that Download our new mobile app on iOS and Android. We are experiencing technical difficulties. To the committee's knowledge, however, no specific interventions have been tested. In addition, early medical intervention is available for carefully selected youth who have persistent gender dysphoria that has increased with the initial stages of puberty and who have support from their parents for such intervention Cohen-Kettenis et al.
This emphasis may be due to the role of schools in child and adolescent socialization and development and the increasing focus over the past 20 years on schools as a primary site of conflict, سكس بنات صغار سن14, victimization, and activism for young people who are known or perceived to be LGBT. Small studies suggest that many LGB youth have not disclosed their sexual orientation to their physician. As discussed in the following chapter, some research suggests a higher prevalence of Kasmera Vandana xxx among lesbians than سكس بنات صغار سن14 heterosexual women.
Although some literature addresses the process of Xx video esveriya roy identity development among transgender youth, little of this literature is supported by empirical evidence or longitudinal data. Preventing sexual risk behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: The benefits of gay-sensitive HIV instruction in schools. Sexual orientation and tobacco use in a cohort study of US adolescent girls and boys.
Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality. Family rejection due to sexual orientation may also be associated with increased risk of suicidality. However, almost no research سكس بنات صغار سن14 examined weight-related patterns among LGBT youth. More recently, Mustanski and colleagues b administered a structured diagnostic interview to a community sample of LGBT youth. Some research suggests that young transgender women are also at significant risk for homelessness. Sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10—24 years—United States, — Child Welfare League of America.
Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have سكس بنات صغار سن14 with men in New Thamana sex vedio City: A preliminary epidemiological trajectory. Lesbian, gay, سكس بنات صغار سن14, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences, سكس بنات صغار سن14.
As noted earlier, سكس بنات صغار سن14, for most people, including LGBT youth, childhood and adolescence are times of good physical health. The results of these studies suggest increased rates of suicidal ideation and attempts among LGB youth in comparison with heterosexual youth even after controlling for potentially confounding factors such as substance use and depression. Millett and colleagues conducted a meta-analysis comparing black and white men who have sex with men and concluded that behavioral risks, such as unprotected anal intercourse, commercial sex work, sex with a known HIV-positive partner, or HIV testing history may not fully explain racial disparities.
Bockting WO, Ehrbar R. Commentary: Gender variance, dissonance, or identity disorder. Factors associated with parents' knowledge of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths' sexual orientation.
Sex and Death to the Age 14
Become a Member. At least four of the five criteria are required to qualify for the diagnosis, and only one of these explicitly refers to cross-gender identification, allowing children with gender-variant expression but without a variant gender identity to qualify for the diagnosis see also Bockting and Ehrbar, A strong and persistent crossgender identification, manifested in 4 or more of the following: Repeatedly stated desire to be, or insistence that he or she is, the other sex.
Another study, of 55 transgender youth aged 15—21, found that 45 percent seriously thought about سكس بنات صغار سن14 Ts gender lives, and 26 percent reported a history of life-threatening behavior Grossman and D'Augelli, These studies suggest there is an elevated risk for depression and attempted suicide among transgender youth.
Over the past decade, an increasing number of studies based on large probability samples have consistently found that LGB youth and youth who report same-sex romantic attraction are at increased risk for suicidal ideation and attempts, as well as depressive symptoms, in comparison with their heterosexual counterparts.
Are there any areas where it deviates or stands out from the crowd? They include depression, سكس بنات صغار سن14, substance use, early sexual initiation, not feeling safe at school, cigarette smoking, and inadequate social support. Challenges faced by homeless سكس بنات صغار سن14 minorities: Comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts. It should be noted, however, that of the 1, youth surveyed, only 28 self-identified as LGB or described past relationships with same-sex partners Fergusson et al.
Sexual and Relationship Therapy. Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors. Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. One objection raised is that including this phenomenon as a psychiatric diagnosis identifies gender-variant identity and expression as pathological, even though many gender-variant children do not report emotional distress; rather, distress may be related to the reaction of the social environment to the child's gender variance.
School Psychology Quarterly, سكس بنات صغار سن14.
Evidence from several large samples of middle and سكس بنات صغار سن14 school students suggests that the above LGB -specific factors, including victimization and perceived discrimination, largely mediate the association between sexual-minority status and both depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior Almeida et al.
The bisexual young men were more likely to report more than 1 male sex partner in the past 3 months and were less likely to report being in an exclusive sexual relationship with a primary male partner. The bisexual young men were more likely to report having unprotected insertive anal intercourse during their last sexual encounter with a nonprimary male partner, as well as using drugs or alcohol during their last sexual encounter with either a primary or nonprimary سكس بنات صغار سن14 partner.
Parents' Guide to. InSaewyc and colleagues performed secondary analyses on three different waves of the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey, and waves. Archives of General Psychiatry. Mental healthسكس بنات صغار سن14, including the diagnosis of disorders among LGBT youth, their rates of suicidal behavior and suicidality, identity-related issues and experiences of stigma and discrimination, and eating disorders.
The approach to treatment of gender identity disorder among adolescents includes therapeutic interventions to assist the adolescent and his or her family to explore and understand gender variance and cope with the related stress and social adjustment, which may include a gender role transition Di Ceglie, ; Meyer et al. These include both school-based, state-based, and national studies Almeida et al. Brill SA, Pepper A. The transgender child: A handbook for families and professionals.
Aside from the studies conducted by Saewyc and colleagues Saewyc and colleaguesmost studies in this area have not included males. Nick and model LaNisha Cole welcomed a daughter on Sept. Among the younger group of transgender women, Among the older سكس بنات صغار سن14, In addition, سكس بنات صغار سن14, interpersonal abuse associated with gender atypicality, not infrequently at the hands of parents or other family members, was associated with both major depression and suicidality as defined by DSM -IV.
Faulkner AH, Cranston K. Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Viral hepatitis among young men who have sex with men: Prevalence of infection, risk behaviors, and vaccination.
Health care needs of the homosexual population AMA policy regarding sexual orientation. Adolescent same-sex and both-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for smoking. Frankowski BL.
Sexual orientation and adolescents, سكس بنات صغار سن14. While some preliminary animal studies have suggested that GnRH analog therapy can affect sex-specific brain development, no comparable research has been done in humans. The treatment of adolescent transsexuals: Changing سكس بنات صغار سن14. Movie PG minutes. Much of the representative, population-based سكس بنات صغار سن14 still comes from the — Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System.
Berkeley, CA: Cleis Press; Cass VC. Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model. These parameters could be brought to bear in research in the following areas: Demographic and descriptive informationCwo gay the percentage of adolescents who are LGBT and how that percentage varies by demographic characteristics such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geography, and religion; Missnoery fast fuck the general experiences and health status of LGBT adolescents and how these vary by demographic characteristics.
Gay and bisexual male students were more likely than heterosexual male students to have ever had sexual intercourse. The homeless youth population comprises a disproportionate number of LGB youth, سكس بنات صغار سن14. However, evidence from longitudinal studies on suicidality over time among LGB youth is lacking. Beauty queen Brittany Bell gave birth to her and Nick's first child together, a boy, on Feb. Brittany and Nick welcomed their second baby together, a girl, in December Model Alyssa Scott welcomed a baby boy with Nick on June 23, However, just five months after the arrival of their son, Nick shared the devastating news that Zen had passed away from brain cancer.
Developmental and contextual factors Close up fucked mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths, Sexual orientation and mental health: Examining identity and development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people.
Conversely, little research has been conducted on protective factors for these populations. Benestad EEP. Addressing the disturbed, like ripples in water: Intervention with the social networks of children who transe, سكس بنات صغار سن14.
Report of the task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation. D'Augelli AR. Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14 to Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Journal of Homosexuality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.
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Pediatricians' approach to the health care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. DSM سكس بنات صغار سن14 includes diagnoses of gender identity disorder for children as well as for adolescents and adults American Psychiatric Association, b. Any Iffy Content? Out Inbia xxx the margins: A report on regional listening forums highlighting the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in care.
Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: A protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. Therapies focused on attempts to change sexual orientation reparative or conversion therapies : Position statement, سكس بنات صغار سن14. In addition, results of two community-based studies suggest that some of the suicide attempts reported by LGB youth may Indo kocok be life-threatening, but rather low-risk سكس بنات صغار سن14 ideation or plans Savin-Williams, These studies have been challenged for potentially drawing on relatively low-risk populations, however Russell, Many risk factors, both general and LGB -specific, have been implicated in the increased rates of suicidal behavior among LGB youth see the detailed discussion of risk factors for the health of LGBT youth later in this chapter.
Predicting the suicide attempts of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. While research on families suggests that family support may be protective, most research has focused on negative interactions with families.
Seattle Young Men's Survey. It should be noted that, while much of the research has focused on سكس بنات صغار سن14 risk behaviors, there has been much less research on the actual acquisition of STIs other than HIV among young people. Interventions designed to decrease homelessness are lacking, and limited research on the specific health needs of homeless LGBT youth has been conducted. Sex reassignment of adolescent transsexuals: A follow-up study.
Stay in Touch Email Sign up. Although these studies are quite limited Garofalo et al. Very little research has been conducted on the relationship between teen pregnancy and sexual orientation, although there is some indication that lesbian سكس بنات صغار سن14 bisexual adolescents may have at least the same and possibly an increased likelihood of pregnancy compared with heterosexual adolescents.
Please try again later, سكس بنات صغار سن14. Read more. Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' health risk behavior. The published literature includes suggestions to encourage greater awareness and appropriate treatment by health care providers Kitts,سكس بنات صغار سن14, psychotherapists Hart,سكس بنات صغار سن14, and school personnel Bontempo and D'Augelli, ; to educate and counsel parents and families to decrease rejecting and increase supportive behaviors Ryan et al.
The vast majority of youth-specific HIV prevention programs in the published literature are focused on heterosexual young people Johnson et al. Some studies of urban samples of young men who have sex with men have begun to look at the potential correlates or underlying mechanisms of HIV risk Garofalo et al.
We're going to need a big lens for this big family announcement. And go from well-read to best read with book recs, deals and more in your inbox every week. Additionally, if these findings are accurate, more research is needed to understand the mechanisms that put these youth at increased risk for eating disorders. Goodenow and colleagues found that respondents' self-identification of their sexual orientation was frequently inconsistent with their reports of the sex of their sexual partners.
Eisenberg ME, Wechsler H. Substance use behaviors among college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: Results from a national study. Almost no data on HIV risk for young women exist except for a few isolated studies from convenience samples of urban women who have sex with women regarding increased risks for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections STIs.